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Free city — A medieval city that nominally was governed by a bishop but enjoyed many rights of self-government, trade rights and other privileges. These cities owed neither taxes nor allegiance to the emperor and could not be pledged by the empire.
Hanseatic city — A city that belonged to the Hanseatic League that was founded in the 12th century in Lübeck and gradually lost importance in the 17th century.
Hanse is the old high German word for group, or fellowship. The Hanse was a trade alliance of Northern European merchants (the Hansen), initially aiming to protect its members from robbery and piracy during their travels. Offices were established in Hanseatic cities that, similar to modern embassies, offered refuge to the Hansen when necessary and provided them a place to trade safely. Goods were mainly transported through Hanseatic cogs (a type of cargo ship that could be sailed by a small crew and had a flat bottom that enabled it to call at shallow waters).
Over time, the Hanse gained significant influence on the economy and politics in Northern Europe, which provided them with many trade privileges such as reduced customs duties and exclusive rights to trade certain goods.
The Hanseatic League started in the 12th century in Lübeck ("The Gate to the North"), which was the most important port in Northern Europe that enabled trade across the Baltic Sea up to Northern Russia. Initially, the Hanseatic League connected Lübeck with Hamburg. In the 13th century, many more cities joined the league. In the 14th century, member cities held their first assembly in Lübeck (Hansetag). At this point, the Hanseatic League had about 300 member cities. The assembly usually took place in Lübeck, where representatives of the Hanseatic cities attempted to assert their interest. During this time, the Hanseatic League was at the height at its power and it got entangled in politics and wars. The rise of nation states and the establishment of new trade routes under colonialism, which gave rise to strong rivals such as the East India Company, diminished the influence of the Hanse. The 17th century marks the end of the Hanse, with the last Hansetag being held by its last members in 1699.
Last updated: 2025-12-01
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